High density resistive random access memory (RRAM)

ABSTRACT

A memory cell includes a substrate layer, with a plurality of silicided semiconductor fins stacked on the substrate layer and spaced apart from one another. A first metal liner layer is stacked on the plurality of silicided semiconductor fins and on the substrate layer. A plurality of first contact pillars are stacked on the first metal liner layer adjacent a different respective one of the plurality of silicided semiconductor fins. A configurable resistance structure covers portions of the first metal liner layer that are stacked on the substrate layer and portions of the first metal liner layer that are stacked on each of the plurality of silicided semiconductor fins. A metal fill layer is stacked on the configurable resistance structure. A plurality of second contact pillars ism stacked on the metal fill layer adjacent a space between a different pair of adjacent silicided semiconductor fins of the plurality thereof.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/960,595 filed Dec. 7, 2015, which is divisional of U.S. application for patent Ser. No. 14/688,597 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,305,974), filed Apr. 16, 2015, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to integrated circuits and, in particular, to a semiconductor non-volatile memory of the resistive random access memory (RRAM) type.

BACKGROUND

With respect to non-volatile integrated circuit memory devices, resistive random access memory (RRAM) is an emerging technology. An RRAM device is a memory structure which stores a bit of data using resistance values (rather than electronic charge). Each RRAM cell includes a layer of resistive material whose resistance value can be changed to represent the storage of a logic “0” or a logic “1” bit of data. The resistive material, typically in the form of a dielectric layer, can be made to conduct through a filament or conduction path formed by the application of a first programming voltage across the dielectric layer. In the conductive state, the cell is programmed to store one of the logic “0” or logic “1” data values. The filament or conduction path may be reset, rendering the dielectric layer non-conductive, by the application of a second programming voltage across the dielectric layer. In the non-conductive state, the cell is programmed to store other of the logic “0” or logic “1” data values.

There is a need in the art to provide an RRAM cell structure suitable to high density applications.

SUMMARY

In an embodiment, a non-volatile integrated circuit memory cell comprises: a supporting substrate; a resistive random access memory structure comprising: a first electrode, comprising: a silicided semiconductor fin on said supporting substrate; and a first metal liner layer covering said silicided semiconductor fin; a layer of dielectric material having a configurable resistive property and covering at least a portion of said first metal liner; and a second electrode, comprising: a second metal liner layer covering said layer of dielectric material; and a metal fill in contact with the second metal liner layer; a transistor having a first source-drain terminal connected to one of the first and second electrodes; a source line connected to a second source-drain terminal of the transistor; a word line connected to a gate terminal of the transistor; and a bit line connected to another of the first and second electrodes.

In an embodiment, a resistive random access memory (RRAM) structure comprises: a supporting substrate; a first electrode, comprising: a silicided semiconductor fin on said supporting substrate; and a first metal liner layer covering said silicided semiconductor fin; a layer of dielectric material having a configurable resistive property and covering at least a portion of said first metal liner; and a second electrode, comprising: a second metal liner layer covering said layer of dielectric material; and a metal fill in contact with the second metal liner layer.

In an embodiment, a method comprises: patterning semiconductor material to form a semiconductor fin on a supporting substrate; siliciding the semiconductor fin to produce a silicided semiconductor fin; depositing a first metal liner layer covering said silicided semiconductor fin; depositing a layer of dielectric material having a configurable resistive property covering said first metal liner; depositing a second metal liner layer covering said layer of dielectric material; depositing a metal fill on each side of the silicided semiconductor fin in contact with the second metal liner layer; making electrical contact to the first metal liner layer and silicided semiconductor fin to provide a first electrode of a resistive random access memory (RRAM) structure; and making electrical contact to the metal fill and second metal liner layer to provide a second electrode of the RRAM structure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the embodiments, reference will now be made by way of example only to the accompanying figures in which:

FIGS. 1-11 illustrate process steps in the formation of a resistive random access memory (RRAM) structure for use in a non-volatile memory cell;

FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of a non-volatile memory cell incorporating the RRAM structure; and

FIGS. 13-23 illustrate process steps in the formation of an RRAM structure for use in a non-volatile memory cell.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Reference is now made to FIGS. 1-11 which illustrate the process steps in the formation of a resistive random access memory (RRAM) structure for use in a non-volatile memory cell. It will be understood that the drawings do not necessarily show features drawn to scale.

FIG. 1 shows a silicon on insulator (SOI) semiconductor substrate 10 comprising a semiconductor substrate 12, an insulating layer 14 and a semiconductor layer 16 in a stack. The semiconductor layer 16 may be doped in accordance with the application, or alternatively may be un-doped in which case the SOI substrate 10 is of the “fully-depleted” type. The semiconductor layer 16 may, for example, have a thickness of 35-50 nm. The insulating layer 14 is commonly referred to in the art as a buried oxide (BOX) layer.

A hard mask 30 comprising a layer of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) 32 and a layer of silicon nitride (SiN) 34 is then deposited on the semiconductor layer 16. The silicon dioxide layer 32 may, for example, be deposited using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process with a thickness of, for example, approximately 3-10 nm. The silicon nitride layer 34 may, for example, be deposited using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process with a thickness of, for example, approximately 20-40 nm. The result is shown in FIG. 2.

A lithographic process as known in the art is then used to define a plurality of fins 100 from the semiconductor layer 16. The hard mask 30 is patterned to leave mask material 36 at the desired locations of the fins 100. An etching operation is then performed through the mask to open apertures 102 on each side of each fin 100. In a preferred embodiment, the etch which defines the fins 100 extends to a depth which reaches the insulating layer 14. The fins 100 may have a width (w) of 6-12 nm and a pitch (p) of 25-45 nm (with a spacing between adjacent fins of 15-35 nm). The result of the etching process is shown in FIG. 3.

Outside of an area 18 where the fins 100 are located, the insulation such as for the shallow trench isolation (STI) is elevated as shown at reference 20. This may, for example, be accomplished by depositing a flowable oxide on the substrate followed by patterning and removal of the oxide deposit in the area 18 of the fins 100. The mask material 36 is also removed. The result is shown in FIG. 4.

A layer 110 of nickel-platinum (NiPt) is then deposited to cover the fins 100 as shown in FIG. 5. The layer 110 may, for example, have a thickness of 3-10 nm. An anneal is then performed (for example, at 400° C. with an optional laser anneal at 800° C.). The anneal converts at least a portion of the silicon material of the fins 100 to a metal silicide (for example, NiSi_(x)) so as to convert the silicon fin material to form silicided fins 112. The unreacted portion of the layer 110 following the anneal is removed. In an embodiment, the dimensions of the fin 100, the thickness of the layer 110, materials used and characteristics of the anneal performed are selected so that the silicided fins 112 are fully-silicided structures (in such a case, all of the semiconductor material of fin 100 is converted to silicide). The result is shown in FIG. 6. The silicided fin 112 provides one electrode of the RRAM structure.

Using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process, a liner layer 120 of a metal material (such as, for example, titanium nitride TiN) is deposited to cover the silicided fins 112 and the insulating layer 14. The layer 120 may, for example, have a thickness of 5-10 nm. Using an atomic layer deposition (ALD) process, a layer 122 of a dielectric material (such as, for example, hafnium oxide HfO₂) is deposited to cover the metal layer 120. A patterning operation is performed to provide for removal of the layers 120 and 122 outside of the area 18. The result is shown in FIG. 7 which now focuses on the area 18. The layer 120 assists in the formation of a low resistivity state across the dielectric layer 122 for the RRAM operation.

Using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process, a liner layer 124 of a metal material (such as, for example, titanium nitride TiN) is deposited to cover the layer 122. The layer 124 may, for example, have a thickness of 5-10 nm. The area 18 is then filled with a metal material (such as, for example, tungsten) to provide a metal fill 126. A chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) operation is performed to planarize the top surface of the fill 126 at a level which is coplanar with the layer 124. The result is shown in FIG. 8. The layer 124 assists in the formation of a low resistivity state across the dielectric layer 122 for the RRAM operation. The metal fill 126 provides another electrode of the RRAM structure.

A wet etch process is then used to recess the top surface of the metal fill 126 to a level below the top surface of the silicided fins 112. The depth d of this recess operation may, for example, be 10-20 nm. The portion of the layer 124 located above the top surface of the recessed metal fill 126′ is also removed (for example, using a wet stripping process). The portion of the layer 122 located above the top surface of the recessed metal fill 126′ is also removed (for example, using a wet stripping process). The result is shown in FIG. 9.

A conformal insulating material deposit is then made with a subsequent directional etch performed to define sidewall spacers 130 on the side surfaces of the layer 120 on each side of the silicided fins 112. The result is shown in FIG. 10.

Conventional back end of line (BEOL) processes are then performed to deposit and planarize the premetallization dielectric (PMD) layer 140 and form metal contacts 150 and 152. The result is shown in FIG. 11. One or more metallization layers may then be provided above the PMD layer 140 to assist with making circuit interconnections to the contacts 150 and 152.

A resistive random access memory structure 200 is accordingly formed to include a first metal plate or electrode (layer 120 on silicided fin 112), a dielectric layer 122, and a second metal plate (layer 124 and recessed fill 126′). It will be noted that the structure 200 is comprised of two fins 112, but this is by example only, it being understood that each structure 200 may be formed from the patterning and siliciding of any suitable number of fins 112. The structure 200 may be included in a non-volatile memory cell 202 as schematically shown in FIG. 12. The cell 202 includes a transistor 204 having a first source-drain region connected to the first metal plate of structure 200 through contact 152 and a second source-drain region connected to a source line SL. The transistor 204 may be supported by and integrated within the substrate 10, with the transistor fabricated prior to or contemporaneously with the fabrication of the structure 200 using well-known transistor fabrication techniques. A word line (WL) for the cell 202 is connected to a gate terminal of the transistor 204. A bit line (BL) for the cell 202 is connected to the second metal plate of structure 200 through contact 150. The source line, word line and bit line may be provided using (and/or coupled to) the metallization layers.

The structure formed supports high density RRAM fabrication because of the use of fins.

Operation of the RRAM structure in a memory cell is as follows: when the word line is set to logic high, the transistor 204 is turned on. The source line is pre-set to logic high. If the bit line voltage is set to >0.85V, a conduction filament is formed in the hafnium oxide dielectric layer. Current rises and the cell enters the low resistive state. The source line is then discharged and the voltage reduces. When the bit line voltage is set lower than −1.25V (which is the reset voltage), and when the word line is set to logic high, the conduction filament dissolves and the cell returns to the high resistive state.

Reference is now made to FIGS. 13-23 which illustrate the process steps in the formation of an RRAM structure for use in a non-volatile memory cell. It will be understood that the drawings do not necessarily show features drawn to scale.

FIG. 13 shows a bulk semiconductor substrate 10′ comprising a semiconductor layer 16′. The semiconductor layer 16′ may be doped in accordance with the application, or alternatively may be un-doped. The semiconductor layer 16′ may, for example, have a thickness of 30-80 nm.

A hard mask 30 comprising a layer of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) 32 and a layer of silicon nitride (SiN) 34 is then deposited on the semiconductor layer 16′. The silicon dioxide layer 32 may, for example, be deposited using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process with a thickness of, for example, approximately 3-10 nm. The silicon nitride layer 34 may, for example, be deposited using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process with a thickness of, for example, approximately 20-40 nm. The result is shown in FIG. 14.

A lithographic process as known in the art is then used to define a plurality of fins 100′ from an upper portion of the semiconductor layer 16′. The hard mask 30 is patterned to leave mask material 36 at the desired locations of the fins 100′. An etching operation is then performed through the mask to open apertures 102′ on each side of each fin 100′. In a preferred embodiment, the etch which defines the fins 100′ extends to a depth of 35-50 nm from the top surface of the semiconductor layer 16′. The fins 100 may have a width (w) of 6-12 nm and a pitch (p) of 25-45 nm (with a spacing between adjacent fins of 15-35 nm). The result of the etching process is shown in FIG. 15.

A deposit of a flowable oxide material is made and then planarized using a chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) process. Within an area 18 where the fins 100 are located, the flowable oxide material deposit is recessed using a dry etch process to leave an insulating layer 22 surrounding a bottom portion 114 of the fins 100′. Outside of the area 18, the insulation is elevated as shown at reference 20. The mask material 36 is also removed. The result is shown in FIG. 16.

A layer 110 of nickel-platinum (NiPt) is then deposited to cover the fins 100′ as shown in FIG. 17. The layer 110 may, for example, have a thickness of 3-10 nm. An anneal is then performed (for example, at 400° C. with an optional laser anneal at 800° C.). The anneal converts at least a portion of the silicon material in an upper portion 113 of the fins 100′ to a metal silicide (for example, NiSi_(x)) so as to convert the silicon fin material to form silicided fins 112′. The unreacted portion of the layer 110 is removed. In an embodiment, the dimensions of the fin 100′, the thickness of the layer 110′, materials used and characteristics of the anneal performed are selected so that the silicided fins 112′ are fully-silicided structures (in such a case, all of the semiconductor material of fin 100′ in the upper portion 113 is converted to silicide). The result is shown in FIG. 18. It will be noted that the bottom portion 114 of the fin 100′ made of non-silicided semiconductor material remains to support each fin 112′. The silicided fin 112′ provides one electrode of the RRAM structure.

Using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process, a liner layer 120 of a metal material (such as, for example, titanium nitride TiN) is deposited to cover the silicided fins 112′ and the insulating layer 22. The layer 120 may, for example, have a thickness of 5-10 nm. Using an atomic layer deposition (ALD) process, a layer 122 of a dielectric material (such as, for example, hafnium oxide HfO₂) is deposited to cover the metal layer 120. A patterning operation is performed to permit removal of the layers 120 and 122 outside of the area 18. The result is shown in FIG. 19 which now focuses on the area 18. The layer 120 assists in the formation of a low resistivity state across the dielectric layer 122 for the RRAM operation.

Using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process, a liner layer 124 of a metal material (such as, for example, titanium nitride TiN) is deposited to cover the layer 122. The layer 124 may, for example, have a thickness of 5-10 nm. The area 18 is then filled with a metal material (such as, for example, tungsten) to provide a metal fill 126. A chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) operation is performed to planarize the top surface of the fill 126 at a level which is coplanar with the layer 124. The result is shown in FIG. 20. The layer 124 assists in the formation of a low resistivity state across the dielectric layer 122 for the RRAM operation. The metal fill 126 provides another electrode of the RRAM structure.

A wet etch process is then used to recess the top surface of the metal fill 126 to a level below the top surface of the silicided fins 112′. The depth d of this recess operation may, for example, be 10-20 nm. The portion of the layer 124 located above the top surface of the recessed metal fill 126′ is also removed (for example, using a wet stripping process). The portion of the layer 122 located above the top surface of the recessed metal fill 126′ is also removed (for example, using a wet stripping process). The result is shown in FIG. 21.

A conformal insulating material deposit is then made with a subsequent directional etch performed to define sidewall spacers 130 on the side surfaces of the layer 120 on each side of the silicided fins 112′. The result is shown in FIG. 22.

Conventional back end of line (BEOL) processes are then performed to deposit and planarize the premetallization dielectric (PMD) layer 140 and form metal contacts 150 and 152. The result is shown in FIG. 23. One or more metallization layers may then be provided above the PMD layer 140 to assist with making circuit interconnections to the contacts 150 and 152.

A resistive random access memory structure 200 is accordingly formed to include a first metal plate (layer 120 on silicided fin 112′), a dielectric layer 122, and a second metal plate (layer 124 and recessed fill 126′). It will be noted that the structure 200 is comprised of two fins 112′, but this is by example only, it being understood that each structure 200 may be formed from the patterning and siliciding of any suitable number of fins 112′. The structure 200 may be included in a non-volatile memory cell 202 as schematically shown in FIG. 12 (previously described).

The foregoing description has provided by way of exemplary and non-limiting examples a full and informative description of the exemplary embodiment of this invention. However, various modifications and adaptations may become apparent to those skilled in the relevant arts in view of the foregoing description, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and the appended claims. However, all such and similar modifications of the teachings of this invention will still fall within the scope of this invention as defined in the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of making a memory cell, comprising: lithographically forming a plurality of semiconductor fins on a substrate layer in a spaced apart fashion from one another; depositing a siliciding layer on the plurality of semiconductor fins and on the substrate layer; annealing the siliciding layer so as to cause silication of at least a portion of each of the plurality of semiconductor fins to thereby form a plurality of silicided semiconductor fins; depositing a first metal liner layer on the plurality of silicided semiconductor fins and on the substrate layer using chemical vapor deposition; depositing a layer of hafnium oxide on the first metal liner layer using atomic layer deposition; depositing a second metal liner layer on the layer of hafnium oxide using chemical vapor deposition; filling areas between adjacent ones of the plurality of silicided semiconductor fins with a metal fill; forming a plurality of first contact pillars on the first metal liner layer adjacent a different respective one of the plurality of silicided semiconductor fins; forming a second plurality of contact pillars each on the metal fill adjacent a space between a different pair of adjacent silicided semiconductor fins of the plurality thereof.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the siliciding layer is comprised of nickel-platinum.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate layer comprises a semiconductor layer.
 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising forming an insulating layer on the substrate layer between adjacent ones of the plurality of the semiconductor fins prior to deposition of the nickel-platinum layer; and wherein the substrate layer comprises the semiconductor layer with the insulating layer thereon.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the substrate layer comprises a semiconductor layer stacked on an insulating layer.
 6. The method of claim 2, wherein dimensions of the plurality of semiconductor fins, a thickness of the nickel-platinum layer, and aspects of the annealing are selected such that all of each of the plurality of semiconductor fins is fully silicided.
 7. A method, comprising: electrically coupling a first conduction terminal of a transistor to a first electrode of a resistive random access memory (RRAM) device, a second conduction terminal of the transistor to a source line, and a control terminal of the transistor to a word line; electrically coupling a bit line to a second electrode of the RRAM device; asserting the word line and the source line such that the transistor turns on; setting the bit line to a read voltage threshold such that current flowing through the transistor and into the first electrode and through a first silicided semiconductor fin of the RRAM device causes formation of conductive path in a hafnium oxide layer stacked on the first silicided semiconductor fin of the RRAM device; discharging the source line; and resetting the bit line so as to dissolve the conductive path.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the conductive path comprises a conductive filament.
 9. A method of making a memory cell, comprising: forming a plurality of semiconductor fins on a substrate layer; depositing a siliciding layer on at least the plurality of semiconductor fins; annealing the siliciding layer so as to cause silication of at least a portion of each of the plurality of semiconductor fins to thereby form a plurality of silicided semiconductor fins; forming, on the plurality of silicided semiconductor fins, in a stacked arrangement, a first metal liner layer, a layer of hafnium oxide, and a second metal liner layer; filling areas between adjacent ones of the plurality of silicided semiconductor fins with a metal fill; forming a plurality of first contact pillars adjacent a different respective one of the plurality of silicided semiconductor fins; forming a second plurality of contact pillars each on the metal fill adjacent a space between a different pair of adjacent silicided semiconductor fins of the plurality thereof.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the siliciding layer is comprised of nickel-platinum.
 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising forming an insulating layer on the substrate layer between adjacent ones of the plurality of the semiconductor fins prior to deposition of the nickel-platinum layer; and wherein the substrate layer comprises a semiconductor layer with the insulating layer thereon.
 12. The method of claim 10, wherein dimensions of the plurality of semiconductor fins and a thickness of the nickel-platinum layer are selected such that all of each of the plurality of semiconductor fins is fully silicided.
 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the substrate layer comprises a semiconductor layer stacked on an insulating layer.
 14. The method of claim 9, wherein each of the plurality of semiconductor fins is formed to have a width of between six and twelve nanometers and a pitch of twenty five to forty five nanometers; and wherein a spacing between adjacent semiconductor fins of the plurality thereof is between fifteen and thirty five nanometers.
 15. The method of claim 9, wherein a top of the metal fill layer is recessed below a top of each of the plurality of semiconductor fins by ten to twenty nanometers. 